Legislating racism the billion dollar congress and the birth of jim crow upchurch thomas adams 9780813123110 books amazonca. Conclusion assessing the billion dollar congress and its effects on american history and race relations pp 210 220 throughout the time that the fifty first congress wrestled with the southern race problem democrats charged that republican claims of concern for the welfare of african americans were disingenuous. Scholars have long attempted to construct a convincing explanation for how and why the promises of freedom and equality for african americans implicit in the th. No congress expended more energy debating this issue than the fifty first or billion dollar congress of 1889 1891 the congress debated several controversial solutions provoking discussion far beyond the halls of government and shaping the course of race relations for twentieth century america legislating racism proposes that these congressional debates actually created a climate for the . Legislating racism the billion dollar congress and the birth of jim crow by thomas adams upchurch 2004 07 30 books amazonca